Game Engine
Initializing Variables
Listing 2.3 The GameEngine::GameEngine() Constructor Takes Care of Initializing Game Engine Member Variables, Whereas the Destructor is Left Empty for Possible Future Use
GameEngine::GameEngine(HINSTANCE hInstance, LPTSTR szWindowClass,
LPTSTR szTitle, WORD wIcon, WORD wSmallIcon, int iWidth, int iHeight)
{
// Set the member variables for the game engine
m_pGameEngine = this;
m_hInstance = hInstance;
m_hWindow = NULL;
if (lstrlen(szWindowClass) > 0)
lstrcpy(m_szWindowClass, szWindowClass);
if (lstrlen(szTitle) > 0)
lstrcpy(m_szTitle, szTitle);
m_wIcon = wIcon;
m_wSmallIcon = wSmallIcon;
m_iWidth = iWidth;
m_iHeight = iHeight;
m_iFrameDelay = 50; // 20 FPS default
m_bSleep = TRUE;
}
GameEngine::~GameEngine()
{
}
The GameEngine() constructor is relatively straightforward in that it sets all the member variables for the game engine. The only member variable whose setting might seem a little strange at first is m_iFrameDelay, which is set to a default frame delay of 50 milliseconds. You can determine the number of frames (cycles) per second for the game by dividing 1,000 by the frame delay, which in this case results in 20 frames per second. This is a reasonable default for most games, although specific testing might reveal that it needs to be tweaked up or down. Keep in mind that you should always shoot for the highest frame rate (lowest frame delay) possible that allows your game to run smoothly; you don't want to see a game slowing down because it can't keep up with a high frame rate.
The Initialize() method in the GameEngine class is used to initialize the game engine. More specifically, the Initialize() method now performs a great deal of the messy Windows setup tasks, such as creating a window class for the main game window and then creating a window from the class. Listing 2.4 shows the code for the Initialize() method.
{
// Set the member variables for the game engine
m_pGameEngine = this;
m_hInstance = hInstance;
m_hWindow = NULL;
if (lstrlen(szWindowClass) > 0)
lstrcpy(m_szWindowClass, szWindowClass);
if (lstrlen(szTitle) > 0)
lstrcpy(m_szTitle, szTitle);
m_wIcon = wIcon;
m_wSmallIcon = wSmallIcon;
m_iWidth = iWidth;
m_iHeight = iHeight;
m_iFrameDelay = 50; // 20 FPS default
m_bSleep = TRUE;
}
GameEngine::~GameEngine()
{
}
The GameEngine() constructor is relatively straightforward in that it sets all the member variables for the game engine. The only member variable whose setting might seem a little strange at first is m_iFrameDelay, which is set to a default frame delay of 50 milliseconds. You can determine the number of frames (cycles) per second for the game by dividing 1,000 by the frame delay, which in this case results in 20 frames per second. This is a reasonable default for most games, although specific testing might reveal that it needs to be tweaked up or down. Keep in mind that you should always shoot for the highest frame rate (lowest frame delay) possible that allows your game to run smoothly; you don't want to see a game slowing down because it can't keep up with a high frame rate.
The Initialize() method in the GameEngine class is used to initialize the game engine. More specifically, the Initialize() method now performs a great deal of the messy Windows setup tasks, such as creating a window class for the main game window and then creating a window from the class. Listing 2.4 shows the code for the Initialize() method.
Listing 2.4 The GameEngine::Initialize() Method Handles Some of the Dirty Work that Usually Takes Place in WinMain()
BOOL GameEngine::Initialize(int iCmdShow)
{
WNDCLASSEX wndclass;
// Create the window class for the main window
wndclass.cbSize = sizeof(wndclass);
wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0;
wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0;
wndclass.hInstance = m_hInstance;
wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon(m_hInstance,
MAKEINTRESOURCE(GetIcon()));
wndclass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(m_hInstance,
MAKEINTRESOURCE(GetSmallIcon()));
wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW + 1);
wndclass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wndclass.lpszClassName = m_szWindowClass;
// Register the window class
if (!RegisterClassEx(&wndclass))
return FALSE;
// Calculate the window size and position based upon the game size
int iWindowWidth = m_iWidth + GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXFIXEDFRAME) * 2,
iWindowHeight = m_iHeight + GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYFIXEDFRAME) * 2 +
GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYCAPTION);
if (wndclass.lpszMenuName != NULL)
iWindowHeight += GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYMENU);
int iXWindowPos = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN) - iWindowWidth) / 2,
iYWindowPos = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN) - iWindowHeight) / 2;
// Create the window
m_hWindow = CreateWindow(m_szWindowClass, m_szTitle, WS_POPUPWINDOW |
WS_CAPTION | WS_MINIMIZEBOX, iXWindowPos, iYWindowPos, iWindowWidth,
iWindowHeight, NULL, NULL, m_hInstance, NULL);
if (!m_hWindow)
return FALSE;
// Show and update the window
ShowWindow(m_hWindow, iCmdShow);
UpdateWindow(m_hWindow);
return TRUE;
}
This code is similar to the Skeleton program example found in Appendix C, and it should be familiar to you if you've done any Windows programming using the Win32 API. An important thing to note in this code is how it determines the game application window size, which is calculated based on the size of the game client area. The GetSystemMetrics() Win32 function is called to get various standard window sizes, such as the width and height of the window frame, as well as the menu height. The position of the game application window is then calculated so that the game is centered on the screen.
The window styles used to describe the main game window are WS_POPUPWINDOW, WS_CAPTION, and WS_MINIMIZEBOX, which result in a window that is not resizable and can't be maximized; however, it does have a menu and can be minimized. The Initialize() method is a perfect example of isolating generic Windows program code and moving it into the game engine. Another example of this approach is the HandleEvent() method, which is shown in Listing 2.5.
{
WNDCLASSEX wndclass;
// Create the window class for the main window
wndclass.cbSize = sizeof(wndclass);
wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0;
wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0;
wndclass.hInstance = m_hInstance;
wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon(m_hInstance,
MAKEINTRESOURCE(GetIcon()));
wndclass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(m_hInstance,
MAKEINTRESOURCE(GetSmallIcon()));
wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW + 1);
wndclass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wndclass.lpszClassName = m_szWindowClass;
// Register the window class
if (!RegisterClassEx(&wndclass))
return FALSE;
// Calculate the window size and position based upon the game size
int iWindowWidth = m_iWidth + GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXFIXEDFRAME) * 2,
iWindowHeight = m_iHeight + GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYFIXEDFRAME) * 2 +
GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYCAPTION);
if (wndclass.lpszMenuName != NULL)
iWindowHeight += GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYMENU);
int iXWindowPos = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN) - iWindowWidth) / 2,
iYWindowPos = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN) - iWindowHeight) / 2;
// Create the window
m_hWindow = CreateWindow(m_szWindowClass, m_szTitle, WS_POPUPWINDOW |
WS_CAPTION | WS_MINIMIZEBOX, iXWindowPos, iYWindowPos, iWindowWidth,
iWindowHeight, NULL, NULL, m_hInstance, NULL);
if (!m_hWindow)
return FALSE;
// Show and update the window
ShowWindow(m_hWindow, iCmdShow);
UpdateWindow(m_hWindow);
return TRUE;
}
This code is similar to the Skeleton program example found in Appendix C, and it should be familiar to you if you've done any Windows programming using the Win32 API. An important thing to note in this code is how it determines the game application window size, which is calculated based on the size of the game client area. The GetSystemMetrics() Win32 function is called to get various standard window sizes, such as the width and height of the window frame, as well as the menu height. The position of the game application window is then calculated so that the game is centered on the screen.
The window styles used to describe the main game window are WS_POPUPWINDOW, WS_CAPTION, and WS_MINIMIZEBOX, which result in a window that is not resizable and can't be maximized; however, it does have a menu and can be minimized. The Initialize() method is a perfect example of isolating generic Windows program code and moving it into the game engine. Another example of this approach is the HandleEvent() method, which is shown in Listing 2.5.
